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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
1.0 Features
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Primary-side feedback eliminates opto-isolators and simplifies design Direct drive of BJT switching device Multi-mode operation for highest overall efficiency Built-in cable drop compensation Very tight output voltage regulation No external compensation components required Complies with CEC/EPA no load power consumption and average efficiency regulations Built-in output constant-current control with primary-side feedback Low start-up current (10 A typical) Built-in soft start Built-in short circuit protection and output overvoltage protection Optional AC line under/overvoltage protection Fixed switching frequency: 45 kHz, 65 kHz or 75 kHz Dynamic base current control PFM operation at light load Built-in current sense resistor short protection
2.0 Description
The IW1690 is a high performance AC/DC power supply controller which uses digital control technology to build peak current mode PWM flyback power supplies. The device directly drives a BJT switching device and provides high efficiency along with a number of key built-in protection features while minimizing the external component count, simplifying EMI design and lowering the total bill of material cost. The IW1690 removes the need for secondary feedback circuitry while achieving excellent line and load regulation. It also eliminates the need for loop compensation components while maintaining stability over all operating conditions. Pulse-by-pulse waveform analysis allows for a loop response that is much faster than traditional solutions, resulting in improved dynamic load response. The built-in power limit function enables optimized transformer design in universal off-line applications and allows for a wide input voltage range. The ultra-low start-up power and operating current at light load ensure that the IW1690 is ideal for applications targeting the newest regulatory standards for average efficiency and standby power.
3.0 Applications
* * Low power AC/DC adapter/chargers for cell phones, PDAs, digital still cameras Low power AC/DC adapter/chargers to replace RCC implementations
L N + + VOUT GND
1 2 3 4
VSENSE VIN RIN IBC
VCC OUTPUT ISENSE
8 7 6
GND 5
U1 IW1690
Figure 2.0.1 IW1690 Typical Application Circuit
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
4.0 Pinout Description
IW1690
1 2 3 4 VSENSE VIN RIN IBC VCC OUTPUT ISENSE GND 8 7 6 5
Pin #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Name
VSENSE VIN RIN IBC GND ISENSE OUTPUT VCC
Type
Pin Description
Analog Input Auxiliary voltage sense (used for primary regulation and ZVS). Analog Input Rectified AC line voltage sense. Analog Input Sense line input voltage. Analog Input Adjust maximum base current. Ground Ground.
Analog Input Primary current sense. Used for cycle-by-cycle peak current control and limit. Output Power Input Base drive for BJT. Power supply for control logic and voltage sense for power-on reset circuitry.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
5.0 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Absolute maximum ratings are the parameteic values or ranges which can cause permanent damage if exceeded. For maximum safe operating conditions, refer to Electrical Characteristics in Section 6.0.
Parameter
DC supply voltage range (pin 8, ICC = 20mA max) Continuous DC supply current at VCC pin Peak DC supply current at VCC pin Low voltage output (pin 7) VSENSE input (pin 1) VIN input (pin 2) Low voltage analog input (pins 3, 4 and 6) Power dissipation at TA 25C Maximum junction temperature Storage temperature Lead temperature during IR reflow for 15 seconds Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Ambient ESD rating per JEDEC JESD22-A114 (HBM) Latch-Up test per JEDEC 78
Symbol
VCC ICC
Value
-0.3 to 18 20 120 -0.3 to 4.0 -0.6 to 4.0 -0.3 to 18.0 -0.3 to 4.0
Units
V mA mA V V V V mW C C C C/W V mA
ICCPK
PD TJ MAX TSTG TLEAD
526 125 -65 to 150 260 160 2,000 100
JA
6.0 Electrical Characteristics
VCC = 12 V, -40C TA 85C, unless otherwise specified (Note 1)
Parameter
VIN SECTION (Pin 2) Start-up voltage low threshold Start-up voltage high threshold Start-up current Shutdown low voltage threshold Shutdown high voltage threshold VSENSE SECTION (Pin 1) Input leakage current Nominal voltage threshold Output OVP threshold Rev. 1.7
Symbol
VINST(LO) VINST(HI) IIN(ST) VUVDC VOVDC IVSENSE VSENSE(NOM) VSENSE(MAX)
Test Conditions
TA= 25C, positive edge TA= 25C, positive edge VCC = 10 V TA= 25C, negative edge TA= 25C, positive edge VSENSE = 2 V TA=25C, negative edge TA=25C, negative edge IW1690 1/20/10
Min
332 1.755
Typ
370 1.950 8
Max
407 2.145 15 248 2.189
Unit
mV V A mV V
203 1.791
225 1.990
1 1.522 1.667 1.538 1.700 1.553 1.734
A V V Page 3
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
6.0 Electrical Characteristics
VCC = 12 V, -40C TA 85C, unless otherwise specified (Note 1)
Parameter
OUTPUT SECTION (Pin 7) Output low level ON-resistance
Symbol
RDS(ON)LO
Test Conditions
ISINK = 5 mA -02/-03/-08/-09 Suffixes PLOAD > 15% of maximum -00/-05 Suffixes PLOAD > 15% of maximum
Min
Typ
3 45 65
Max
6.0
Unit
W kHz kHz
Output switching frequency
fS
ISENSE SECTION (Pin 6) Overcurrent limit threshold CC limit threshold Input leakage current RIN SECTION (Pin 3) Input leakage current IBC SECTION (Pin 4) IBC pin voltage VCC SECTION (Pin 8) Maximum operating voltage Start-up threshold Undervoltage lockout threshold Quiescent current Notes: Note 1. Adjust VCC above the start-up threshold before setting at 12 V. Note 2. These parameters are not 100% tested, guaranteed by design and characterization. VCC(MAX) VCC(ST) VCC(UVL) ICCQ VCC rising VCC falling RBC = 100 kW, no IBcurrent 11 5.0 12 5.5 2.5 16 13.2 6.1 6.0 V V V mA VIBC RBC = 100 kW 1 V IRIN RIN = 1 V 10 A VOCP VCC-TH IISENSE ISENSE = 1 V 1.6 1.2 1.1 2.5 V V A
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
7.0 Typical Performance Characteristics
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 VCC = 12 V -50 -25 2.004
Internal Reference Voltage (V)
Switching Frequency (kHz)
2.002
2.000
1.998 VCC = 12 V -50 -25
Ambient Temperature (C)
0
25
50
75
100
1.996
Ambient Temperature (C)
0
25
50
75
100
Figure 7.0.1 Switching Frequency vs. Temperature -01/-02/-03/-08 Suffixes
69
Figure 7.0.4 Internal Reference vs. Temperature
100
Switching Frequency (kHz)
67
80
KBC = 31
IOUT (mA)
60
65
40
63 VCC = 12 V -50 -25
20
KBC = 10 40 60 80 100
61
Ambient Temperature (C)
0
25
50
75
100
0
RBC (k)
Figure 7.0.2 Switching Frequency vs. Temperature -00/-05 Suffixes
12.2
Figure 7.0.5 IOUT vs. RBC
VCC Start-up Threshold (V)
12.1
12.0
11.9
11.8
-50
-25
Ambient Temperature (C)
0
25
50
75
100
Figure 7.0.3 Start-Up vs. Temperature
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
Page 5
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
8.0 Functional Block Diagram
VIN VCC
2
8
RIN
ENABLE
3
ENABLE ADC
Start-up IBC
VIN_A 0.2 V ~ 2.0 V
1V
4
VSENSE
1
Signal Conditioning
VVMS
Digital Logic Control
OUTPUT
7
VFB GND
5
VOCP DAC IPEAK VIPK 0.2 V ~ 1.1 V
- +
1.2 V
6
ISENSE
+ --
Figure 8.0.1 IW1690 Functional Block Diagram
9.0 Theory of Operation
The IW1690 is a digital controller which uses a new, proprietary primary-side control technology to eliminate the opto-isolated feedback and secondary regulation circuits required in traditional designs. This results in a low-cost solution for low power AC/DC adapters. The core PWM processor uses fixed-frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) operation at higher power levels and switches to variable frequency operation at light loads to maximize efficiency. Furthermore, iWatt's digital control technology enables fast dynamic response, tight output regulation, and full featured circuit protection with primary-side control. Referring to the block diagram in Figure 8.0.1, the digital logic control block generates the switching on-time and off-time information based on the line voltage and the output voltage feedback signal and provides commands to dynamically control the BJT base current. The system loop is automatically compensated internally by a digital error amplifier. Adequate system phase margin and gain margin are guaranteed by design and no external analog components are required for loop compensation. The IW1690 uses an advanced digital control algorithm to reduce system design time and improve reliability. Rev. 1.7 Furthermore, accurate secondary constant-current operation is achieved without the need for any secondary-side sense and control circuits. The IW1690 uses PWM mode control at higher output power levels and switches to PFM mode at light load to minimize power dissipation to meet the Blue Angel specification. Additional built-in protection features include overvoltage protection (OVP), output short circuit protection (SCP) and soft-start, AC low line brown out, overcurrent protection, single pin fault protection and Isense fault protection. iWatt's digital control scheme is specifically designed to address the challenges and trade-offs of power conversion design. This innovative technology is ideal for balancing new regulatory requirements for green mode operation with more practical design considerations such as lowest possible cost, smallest size and high performance output control.
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
9.1 Pin Detail
Pin 1 - VSENSE Sense signal input from auxiliary winding. This provides the secondary voltage feedback used for output regulation. Pin 2 - ViN Sense signal input representing the rectified line voltage. VIN is used for line regulation. The input line voltage is scaled using a resistor network. It also provides input undervoltage and overvoltage protection. This pin also provides the supply current to the IC during start-up. Pin 3 - RiN Sense line input voltage. Connect this pin to GND with the RIN resistor. Pin 4 - iBC Adjusts the maximum base current for the BJT drive. Pin 5 - GND Ground. Pin 6 - iSENSE Primary current sense. Used for cycle-cycle peak current control limit. Pin 7 - OUTPUT Base drive for the external power BJT switch. Pin 8 - VCC Power supply for the controller during normal operation. The controller will start up when VCC reaches 12 V (typical) and will shut-down when the VCC voltage is 5.5 V (typical). A decoupling capacitor should be connected between the VCC pin and GND.
ENABLE VCC VIN VCC(ST)
9.2 Start-up
Prior to start-up the VIN pin charges up the VCC capacitor through the diode between VIN and VCC. When VCC is fully charged to a voltage higher than the startup threshold VCC(ST), the ENABLE signal becomes active to enable the control logic, the ENABLE switch turns on, and the analog-to-digital converter begins to sense the input voltage. Once the voltage on the VIN pin is above VINST(LO) but below VINST(HI), the IW1690 commences soft start function. An adaptive soft-start control algorithm is applied at startup state, during which the initial output pulses will be small and gradually get larger until the full pulse width is achieved. The peak current is limited cycle by cycle by Ipeak comparator. If at any time the VCC voltage drops below VCC(UVL) threshold then all the digital logic is fully reset. At this time ENABLE switches off so that the VCC capacitor can be charged up again towards the start-up threshold.
Start-up Sequencing
Figure 9.2.1 Start-up Sequencing Diagram
9.3 Understanding Primary Feedback
Figure 9.3.1 illustrates a simplified flyback converter. When the switch Q1 conducts during tON(t), the current ig(t) is directly drawn from rectified sinusoid vg(t). The energy Eg(t) is stored in the magnetizing inductance LM. The rectifying diode D1 is reverse biased and the load current IO is supplied by the secondary capacitor CO. When Q1 turns off, D1 conducts and the stored energy Eg(t) is delivered to the output.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
iin(t) + ig(t)
N:1 D1
id(t)
+
VO
CO
VAUX = VO x
NAUX NS
IO
vin(t)
vg(t) - TS(t)
Q1
VAUX
VAUX
0V
Figure 9.3.1 Simplified Flyback Converter
In order to tightly regulate the output voltage, the information about the output voltage and load current needs to be accurately sensed. In the DCM flyback converter, this information can be read via the auxiliary winding or the primary magnetizing inductance (LM). During the Q1 on-time, the load current is supplied from the output filter capacitor CO. The voltage across LM is vg(t), assuming the voltage dropped across Q1 is zero. The current in Q1 ramps up linearly at a rate of: dig (t ) dt = vg (t ) LM (9.1)
VAUX = -VIN x
NAUX NP
Figure 9.3.2 Auxiliary Voltage Waveforms
The auxiliary voltage is given by: VAUX = N AUX (VO + V ) NS (9.5)
and reflects the output voltage as shown in Figure 9.3.2. The voltage at the load differs from the secondary voltage by a diode drop and IR losses. The diode drop is a function of current, as are IR losses. Thus, if the secondary voltage is always read at a constant secondary current, the difference between the output voltage and the secondary voltage will be a fixed V. Furthermore, if the voltage can be read when the secondary current is small, V will also be small. With the IW1690, V can be ignored. The real-time waveform analyzer in the IW1690 reads this information cycle by cycle. The part then generates a feedback voltage VFB. The VFB signal precisely represents the output voltage under most conditions and is used to regulate the output voltage.
At the end of on-time, the current has ramped up to: ig _ peak (t ) = vg (t ) x tON LM (9.2)
This current represents a stored energy of: L Eg = M x ig _ peak (t ) 2 2 (9.3)
When Q1 turns off at tO, ig(t) in LM forces a reversal of polarities on all windings. Ignoring the communication-time caused by the leakage inductance LK at the instant of turn-off tO, the primary current transfers to the secondary at a peak amplitude of: id (t ) = NP x ig _ peak (t ) NS (9.4)
9.4 Constant Voltage Operation
After soft-start has been completed, the digital control block measures the output conditions. It determines output power levels and adjusts the control system to a light load or a heavy load. If this is in the normal range, the device operates in the Constant Voltage(CV) mode, and changes the pulse width (Ton), and off time (Toff) in order to meet the output voltage regulation requirements. During this mode the PWM switching frequency is either 45 kHz or 65kHz, depending on which product option is being used. If no voltage is detected on VSENSE it is assumed that the auxiliary winding of the transformer is either open or shorted and the IW1690 shuts down.
Assuming the secondary winding is master, the auxiliary winding is slave.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
9.5 Constant Current Operation
The constant current mode (CC mode) is useful in battery charging applications. During this mode of operation the IW1690 will regulate the output current at a constant maximum level regardless of the output voltage drop, while avoiding continuous conduction mode. To achieve this regulation the IW1690 senses the load current indirectly through the primary current. The primary current is detected by the ISENSE pin through a resistor from the BJT emitter to ground.
CV mode
9.8 internal Loop Compensation
The IW1690 incorporates an internal Digital Error Amplifier with no requirement for external loop compensation. For a typical power supply design, the loop stability is guaranteed to provide at least 45 degrees of phase margin and -20dB of gain margin.
9.9 Voltage Protection Functions
The IW1690 includes functions that protect against input line undervoltage and overvoltage (UV/OV) and the output overvoltage (OVP). The input voltage is monitored by the VIN pin and the output voltage is monitored by the VSENSE pin. If the voltage at these pins exceed their undervoltage or overvoltage thresholds the IW1690 shuts down immediately. However, the IC remains biased which discharges the VCC supply. Once VCC drops below the UVLO threshold, the controller resets itself and then initiates a new soft-start cycle. The controller continues attempting start-up until the fault condition is removed.
VNOM
Output Voltage
CC mode
9.10 PCL, OC and SRS Protection
Output Current
Figure 9.6.1 Power Envelope
IOUT(CC)
9.6 PFM Mode at Light Load
The IW1690 normally operates in a fixed frequency PWM mode when IOUT is greater than approximately 10% of the specified maximum load current. As the output load IOUT is reduced, the on-time tON is decreased. At the moment that the load current drops below 10% of nominal, the controller transitions to Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) mode. Thereafter, the on-time will be modulated by the line voltage and the off-time is modulated by the load current. The device automatically returns to PWM mode when the load current increases.
Peak-current limit (PCL), over-current protection (OCP) and sense-resistor short protection (SRSP) are features built-in to the IW1690. With the ISENSE pin the IW1690 is able to monitor the primary peak current. This allows for cycle by cycle peak current control and limit. When the primary peak current multiplied by the ISENSE sense resistor is greater than 1.2 V an over current (OCP) is detected and the IC will immediately turn off the base drive until the next cycle. The OCP is not a latched shutdown. The base drive will send out switching pulse in the next cycle, and the switching pulse will continue if the OCP threshold is not reached; or, the switching pulse will shut down again if the OCP threshold is still reached. If the ISENSE sense resistor is shorted there is a potential danger of the over current condition not being detected. Thus the IC is designed to detect this sense-resistor-short fault after the start up, and shutdown immediately. Similar to the OVP shutdown, the VCC will be discharged since the IC remains biased. Once VCC drops below the UVLO threshold, the controller resets itself and then initiates a new soft-start cycle. The controller continues attempting start-up, but does not fully start-up until the fault condition is removed.
9.7 Variable Frequency Operation
At each of the switching cycles, the falling edge of VSENSE will be checked. If the falling edge of VSENSE is not detected, the off-time will be extended until the falling edge of VSENSE is detected. The maximum switching period is seen at 75 s. When the switching period reaches 75 s, the IW1690 immediately shuts off. This avoids operating at continuous conduction mode.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
9.11 Cable Drop Compensation
The IW1690 incorporates an innovative method to compensate for any IR drop in the secondary circuitry including cable and cable connector. A 5 W AC adapter with 5 V DC output has 6% deviation at 1 A load current due to the drop across the DC cable without cable compensation. The IW1690 cancels this error by providing a voltage offset to the feedback signal based on the amount of load current detected. To calculate the amount of cable compensation needed, take the resistance of the cable and connector and multiplyby the maximum output current. IBC_REF is multiplied by 100 times inside the IC and is then used to control the base current for the BJT drive, IB_OUT, which is the output IB current at the OUTPUT pin. The IB_OUT is dynamically controlled according to the power supply load change, as:
I B _ OUT = I BC _ REF x100 x K BC
(9.7)
9.12 Dynamic Base Current Control
One important feature of the IW1690 is that it directly drives a BJT switching device with dynamic base current control to optimize performance. The reference BJT base current is adjusted by connecting an external RBC resistor from IBC to GND, which generates a constant current source with a value of:
Where KBC is dynamically changed by the digital control block: the heavier the load is, the higher KBC becomes. The minimum KBC is limited to 10, and the maximum KBC is limited to 31. Therefore, the maximum IB_OUT is set by (1V/ RBC)*100*31. The range of RBC is 40 k to 100 k. Choosing different RBC can adjust the maximum IB_OUT for different BJT's and/or different power levels. The minimum and maximum IB_OUT are given by table 9.12.1.
I BC _ REF =
1V RBC
(9.6)
KBC
Minimum Maximum 10 31
RBC = 40 kW
IBC_REF 0.025 0.025 IB_OUT 25 77.5 0.01 0.01
RBC = 100 kW
IBC_REF IB_OUT 10 31
Units
mA mA
Table 9.12.1
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
10.0 Physical Dimensions
8-Lead Small Outline (SOIC) Package
Symbol D
Inches
MIN 0.053 0.0040 0.049 0.014 0.007 0.189 0.150 0.228 0.10 0.016 0 MAX 0.069 0.010 0.059 0.019 0.010 0.197 0.157 0.244 0.020 0.049 8
Millimeters
MIN 1.35 0.10 1.25 0.35 0.19 4.80 3.80 5.80 0.25 0.4 MAX 1.75 0.25 1.50 0.49 0.25 5.00 4.00 6.20 0.50 1.25
8
5 4
A H A1 A2 B C
E
1
e A1
h x 45 A2 B A SEATING PLANE C L
D E e H h L
0.050 BSC
1.27 BSC
COPLANARITY 0.10 (0.004)
Figure 10.0.1. Physical dimensions, 8-lead SOIC package
Compliant to JEDEC Standard MS12F Controlling dimensions are in inches; millimeter dimensions are for reference only This product is RoHS compliant and Halide free. Soldering Temperature Resistance: [a] Package is IPC/JEDEC Std 020D Moisture Sensitivity Level 1 [b] Package exceeds JEDEC Std No. 22-A111 for Solder Immersion Resistance; package can withstand 10 s immersion < 270C Dimension D does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15 mm per end. Dimension E1 does not include interlead flash or protrusion. Interlead flash or protrusion shall not exceed 0.25 mm per side. D and E1 dimensions are determined at datum H. The package top may be smaller than the package bottom. Dimensions D and E1 are determined at the outermost extremes of the plastic bocy exclusive of mold flash, tie bar burrs, gate burrs and interlead flash, but including any mismatch between the top and bottom of the plastic body.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
11.0 Ordering information
Part Number IW1690-00 IW1690-02 IW1690-03 IW1690-05 IW1690-07 IW1690-08 IW1690-09 Options fSW = 65 kHz, Cable Comp = 0 mV fSW = 45 kHz, Cable Comp = 150 mV, No OVDC1 fSW = 45 kHz, Cable Comp = 412 mV, No OVDC1 fSW = 65 kHz, Cable Comp = 337 mV fSW = 75 kHz, Cable Comp = 0 mV fSW = 45 kHz, Cable Comp = 337 mV fSW = 45 kHz, Cable Comp = 0 mV, No OVDC1 Package SOIC-8 SOIC-8 SOIC-8 SOIC-8 SOIC-8 SOIC-8 SOIC-8 Description Tape & Reel2 Tape & Reel2 Tape & Reel2 Tape & Reel2 Tape & Reel2 Tape & Reel2 Tape & Reel2
Note 1: No input over-voltage shutdown. Note 2: Product is provided on 13" reels, 2,500 per reel. Minimum ordering quantity is 2,500. This product is RoHS compliant and Halide free.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
Page 12
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IW1690
Low-Power Off-line Digital PWM Controller
About iWatt
iWatt Inc. is a fabless semiconductor company that develops intelligent power management ICs for computer, communication, and consumer markets. The company's patented pulseTrainTM technology, the industry's first truly digital approach to power system regulation, is revolutionizing power supply design.
Trademark information
(c) 2008 iWatt, Inc. All rights reserved. iWatt, the iW light bulb, and pulseTrain are trademarks of iWatt, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.
Contact information
Web: http://www.iwatt.com E-mail: info@iwatt.com Phone: 408-374-4200 Fax: 408-341-0455 iWatt Inc. 101 Albright Way Los Gatos CA 95032-1827
Disclaimer
iWatt reserves the right to make changes to its products and to discontinue products without notice. The applications information, schematic diagrams, and other reference information included herein is provided as a design aid only and are therefore provided as-is. iWatt makes no warranties with respect to this information and disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or non-infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. Certain applications using semiconductor products may involve potential risks of death, personal injury, or severe property or environmental damage ("Critical Applications"). IWATT SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, INTENDED, AUTHORIZED, OR WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT APPLICATIONS, DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. Inclusion of iWatt products in critical applications is understood to be fully at the risk of the customer. Questions concerning potential risk applications should be directed to iWatt, Inc. iWatt semiconductors are typically used in power supplies in which high voltages are present during operation. High-voltage safety precautions should be observed in design and operation to minimize the chance of injury.
Rev. 1.7
IW1690 1/20/10
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